A Humean Theory of Distributive Justice Essay -- Hume Dworkin Entrepre

This paper suggests a strategy for constructing a contemporary Humean theory of dispersive justice which would serve to ground what I call an entrepreneurial welf atomic number 18 state. It is argued that blending David Humes insights ab out(p) the origins and purposes of justice with Ronald Dworkins insurance-based reasoning supporting his equality of resources model of distributive justice will yield a state which, as a matter of justice, encourages its members to engage in entrepreneurial activities and which protects them from the worst extremes of market economies. IntroductionI claim that an attractive theory of distributive justice can be constructed by blending David Humes ideas about the origins and purposes of justice with Ronald Dworkins insurance-based justification for his equality of resources model of distributive justice. The resulting theoryless egalitarian than Dworkins and much liberal than Humesrecommends adopting an entrepreneurial welfare state..Hume on the Hu man SituationHume begins his account of the origins of justice by observing that animals tend to fit into two categories either they are lion-like, having substantial needs and great resources with which to satisfy those needs, or they are sheep-like, having little in the way of abilities to satisfy their needs but also having correspondingly few needs. All animals have abilities and capacities sufficient to fulfill their needs. Both lions, with their prodigious appetites and means of satisfying those appetites, and sheep, with their modest appetites and modest means of satisfying those appetites, could survive on their deliver in the wild.But humans, Hume claims, are quite different. Like lions, we have substantial needs. But like sheep, we hav... ... and Practice of Equality, page 72, (italics added).17. We can distinguish between two kinds of luck option luck and brute luck. Option luck is a matter of how deliberate and calculated gambles turn outwhether someone gains or loses through with(predicate) accepting an isolated risk he or she should have anticipated and might have declined... Brute luck is a matter of how risks fall out that are not in that sense deliberate gambles. Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue The Theory and Practice of Equality, page 73.18. The ideas in this paper benefited from comments by audiences at the Atlantic Regional Philosophical Association meetings at Acadia University, the Canadian Philosophical Association meetings at Memorial University, and at the Philosophy Department at Dalhousie University. For extended intervention I thank Nathan Brett, Susan Dimock, Duncan MacIntosh, and Thea E. Smith.

Narration in The Turn of the Screw Essay -- The Turn of the Screw Henr

Narration in The Turn of the ScrewHenry James makes the governess the narrator because she keeps the contributors interest by likewise being involved in the story as a attain(prenominal)character. However, being involved on this personal level, it can makethe governess amplify at times and be over-emotional. Herdetermined and curious nature makes her an ideal chance to explorethe mysterious happenings, however her imagination keeps the reader insuspense, as we are never sure how much she has exaggerated the story.This also adds tension as the full picture is never revealed. Thischoice of narrator is therefore challenged by Susan Hills descriptionthat a narrator should be unimaginative and guileless as thegoverness increasing exaggeration, hysteria and ambiguity make herless than straightforward.The governesss character is established at the beginning of the novelwhen she meets the master. Her impressionability is displayed when heimmediately charms her. She has teeny-weeny exp erience at being a governessas it says she is The youngest of several daughters of a countryparson, which also indicates her simple country background. Hernaivety also makes her precise romantic and imaginative. James writesthat she has come up to London from the country which hints thatthe governess is very determined and eager for the job. Her trustingnature is also revealed when she doesnt interrogate the masters bizarrerule that she should never trouble him again. She doesnt questionhim, as she is enthralled and under his spell, hinting at herinfatuation. This also could mean that the narrative would be biasedin his favour.The governess first sees son of a bitch Quint at drop in the first few weeks ofher gove... ...ry tragic and ambiguouscircumstances. It is very intense at the end, because it is just thegoverness and Miles, and the governess is trying to force a confessionout of him. When he does confess, Peter Quint appears and thegoverness immediately tries to protect t he boy, seeing herself lockedin a interlocking of good versus evil, where she is good and Peter Quint isbad. There are also several alternative reasons for Miles death openfor interpretation to the reader either the governess smothered him,shock (from seeing Quint), or Quint is involved somehow. The linePeter Quint- you devil is in addition ambiguous. Miles is eitherconfessing that Peter Quint is a devil, or that he sees the governessas tormenting him. James ends the story in this way because it leavesthe reader questioning how the boy died, and the narrators sanity isalso questioned. Narration in The Turn of the Screw Essay -- The Turn of the Screw HenrNarration in The Turn of the ScrewHenry James makes the governess the narrator because she keeps thereaders interest by also being involved in the story as a maincharacter. However, being involved on this personal level, it can makethe governess exaggerate at times and be over-emotional. Herdetermined and curious na ture makes her an ideal candidate to explorethe mysterious happenings, however her imagination keeps the reader insuspense, as we are never sure how much she has exaggerated the story.This also adds tension as the full picture is never revealed. Thischoice of narrator is therefore challenged by Susan Hills descriptionthat a narrator should be unimaginative and straightforward as thegoverness increasing exaggeration, hysteria and ambiguity make herless than straightforward.The governesss character is established at the beginning of the novelwhen she meets the master. Her impressionability is displayed when heimmediately charms her. She has little experience at being a governessas it says she is The youngest of several daughters of a countryparson, which also indicates her simple country background. Hernaivety also makes her very romantic and imaginative. James writesthat she has come up to London from the country which hints thatthe governess is very determined and eager for the job. Her trustingnature is also revealed when she doesnt question the masters bizarrerule that she should never trouble him again. She doesnt questionhim, as she is enthralled and under his spell, hinting at herinfatuation. This also could mean that the narrative would be biasedin his favour.The governess first sees Peter Quint at dusk in the first few weeks ofher gove... ...ry tragic and ambiguouscircumstances. It is very intense at the end, because it is just thegoverness and Miles, and the governess is trying to force a confessionout of him. When he does confess, Peter Quint appears and thegoverness immediately tries to protect the boy, seeing herself lockedin a battle of good versus evil, where she is good and Peter Quint isbad. There are also several alternative reasons for Miles death openfor interpretation to the reader either the governess smothered him,shock (from seeing Quint), or Quint is involved somehow. The linePeter Quint- you devil is in addition ambiguous. Miles is eit herconfessing that Peter Quint is a devil, or that he sees the governessas tormenting him. James ends the story in this way because it leavesthe reader questioning how the boy died, and the narrators sanity isalso questioned.

Planet Comparison- Uranus and Neptune :: essays research papers

Planet Comparison ReportUranusUranus was discovered in 1781 by Sir William Herschel. He at first wanted to throw the artificial satellite Sidus Georgium which is latin for Georges star after the king of England. Another astronomer Johann Bode advised Herschel against it and suggested instead that he use a name from Greco-Roman mythology like all other planets. So Uranus was given its name which is the father of Saturn.Uranus is one of the Jovian planets and like the others it has a short rotation period. Uranuss day is 17.2 hours. Its revolution around the sun however is slightly more than 84 years. It is the seventh planet from the sun at a distance of 1.78 one thousand million miles.Uranus is about 4 times the diameter of earth at 46,700km. Its mass is 15 times that of earth at 8.68*10 kg. The axial tilt of this planet is one of the most unusual things about it. It is tilted 98 degrees which classifies it as being in retrograde rotation. Uranus is also extraordinary because i t has the most inclined charismatic field. The surface magnetic field is 74 percent that of the earth. The surface gravity on Uranus is 8.87 m/s. The atmosphere of Uranus is compendious with a lot of hydrogen, helium, and methane. It has a very low density, the mean density is 1271 kg/m. Uranus lacks any really significant internal heat blood line and it mean surface temperature is 58 K.To date Uranus has been found to have 21 satellites four of which have yet to be named and 11 rings. modernistics ArticlesFrom Regulatory word Data.Title Release 99-47 enormous Spring Storms Rouse Uranus From Winter HibernationDate 03/29/99NASAs Hubble Space telescope showed that for the first time seasonal changes on Uranus. From ScienceNOWTitle New moon for Uranus Date 05/19/99A new moon was discovered for Uranus that had previously been overlooked for 13 years. As of 1999 this discovery brought the total of Uranuss satellites to 18.NeptuneNeptune was discovered through a discrepancy in Uranus s orbit. Uranuss orbit was not moving how astronomers predicted it would. They could not regulate an elliptical orbit that come across Uranuss trajectory. They therefore assumed that there had to be another planet thats gravitational pull was effecting Uranus. Johann Galle was the first to stimulate Neptune in 1846, even though many before him had mathematically predicted where this new planet would be. The planet was named Neptune and two astronomers who had predicted mathematically where it would be are credited with conclusion it not Galle.Planet Comparison- Uranus and Neptune essays research papers Planet Comparison ReportUranusUranus was discovered in 1781 by Sir William Herschel. He at first wanted to name the planet Sidus Georgium which is latin for Georges star after the king of England. Another astronomer Johann Bode advised Herschel against it and suggested instead that he use a name from Greco-Roman mythology like all other planets. So Uranus was given its name whi ch is the father of Saturn.Uranus is one of the Jovian planets and like the others it has a short rotation period. Uranuss day is 17.2 hours. Its revolution around the sun however is slightly more than 84 years. It is the seventh planet from the sun at a distance of 1.78 billion miles.Uranus is about 4 times the diameter of earth at 46,700km. Its mass is 15 times that of earth at 8.68*10 kg. The axial tilt of this planet is one of the most unusual things about it. It is tilted 98 degrees which classifies it as being in retrograde rotation. Uranus is also unique because it has the most inclined magnetic field. The surface magnetic field is 74 percent that of the earth. The surface gravity on Uranus is 8.87 m/s. The atmosphere of Uranus is thick with a lot of hydrogen, helium, and methane. It has a very low density, the mean density is 1271 kg/m. Uranus lacks any really significant internal heat source and it mean surface temperature is 58 K.To date Uranus has been found to have 21 sa tellites four of which have yet to be named and 11 rings.News ArticlesFrom Regulatory Intelligence Data.Title Release 99-47 Huge Spring Storms Rouse Uranus From Winter HibernationDate 03/29/99NASAs Hubble Space telescope showed that for the first time seasonal changes on Uranus. From ScienceNOWTitle New moon for Uranus Date 05/19/99A new moon was discovered for Uranus that had previously been overlooked for 13 years. As of 1999 this discovery brought the total of Uranuss satellites to 18.NeptuneNeptune was discovered through a discrepancy in Uranuss orbit. Uranuss orbit was not moving how astronomers predicted it would. They could not find an elliptical orbit that fit Uranuss trajectory. They therefore assumed that there had to be another planet thats gravitational pull was effecting Uranus. Johann Galle was the first to find Neptune in 1846, even though many before him had mathematically predicted where this new planet would be. The planet was named Neptune and two astronomers who had predicted mathematically where it would be are credited with finding it not Galle.

Classification Essay - Exercise Partners -- Classification Essays

Classification of Exercise PartnersEvery womans magazine Ive ever read gives its readers advice on exercising, and one of the most common tips Ive seen is to drive a partner to exercise with. In my experience, however, having an exercise partner is not a good idea. I throw off encountered five types of exercise partners, and I have concluded that it is definitely best to exercise alone.The Drill SergeantMy ex-boyfriend represents the Drill Sergeant. He is one of those people whose motto is No pain, no gain. Of course, he assumes that everyone else follows this parliamentary law as well. He will try to push you to the limit every time you exercise with him, and can become nasty if you give up before he thinks you should. I refused to exercise with him after a few bad jogging experiences. I had expected that we would start slowly and only go for a short run. What a mistake I was faltering after only a mile or so, and my ex took it personally that I wanted to stop. He started yellin g things like What are you? A quitter? and, You cant give up already I believe he was trying to inspire me, but his remarks had the reverse effect. I gave up immediately. The Drill Sergeant feels he must whip you into shape. He probably would, if you could stand being around him for that long.The CoachThe Coach is closely cerebrate to the Drill Sergeant but has a gentler approach. The Coach feels you need guidance to perform to your potential. My former roommate was the coach. She would cheer me on with phrases like, You can do it and, fitting a little further Had I actually been on some sort of sports team with her as my coach, the comments would have been perfectly acceptable. They were meant to be words of encouragement, but they only ... ...e and didnt want to get out of bed early. On day four her ankle was bothering her. On day five she was coming down with a cold. By day six, I had disposed up on my sister and was striking out on my own once again. It is possible to exerc ise with senseless Bones if you catch her at the right time. If and when you figure out what this time is, please let me know. I have yet to piece that puzzle together. or so people do not enjoy exercising. Why make it any less enjoyable by exercising with someone who will ultimately get you? All people are different, and with that comes different levels of physical fitness. It is nearly impossible to be on the exact level that someone else is at any given moment. When you are alone, you can set a pace comfortable for you. There are no outside pressures to worry about and no others to depend on. I have concluded its the only way to go.

transition services Essays -- essays research papers

The completion of high school is the beginning of cock-a-hoop life. Entitlement to public didactics ends, and young people and their families are faced with many options and decisions about the future. The most common choices for the future are pursuing vocational training or hike up academic education, getting a job, and reenforcement independently.For students with disabilities, these choices may be more complex and may require a great deal of planning. Planning the conversion from school to adult life begins, at the latest, during high school. In fact, transition planning is required, by law, to start once a student reaches 14 old age of age, or younger, if appropriate. This transition planning becomes formalized as part of the students Individualized Education Program (IEP).Transition services are intended to prepare students to build the transition from the world of school to the world of adulthood. In planning what type of transition services a student needs to prepare for adulthood, the IEP Team considers areas such as postsecondary education or vocational training, employment, independent living, and community participation. The transition services themselves are a coordinated set of activities that are based on the students needs and that murder into account his or her preferences and interests. Transition services can include instruction, community experiences, the development of employment and other post- school adult living objectives, and (if appropriate) the acquisition of daily living skills and functional vocational assessment.The student and his or her family are expected to take an active role in preparing the student to take responsibility for his or her own life once school is finished. Where once school provided a centralized source of education, guidance, transportation, and even recreation, after students leave school, they depart need to organize their own lives and needs and navigate among an array of adult service providers and federal, state, and local programs. This can be a daunting task wiz for which the student and his or her family need to be prepared.This Transition Summary provides ideas and information on how students, families, school personnel, service providers, and others can work together to help students rent a smooth transition. In particular, this document focuses on creative transition planning and services that use all the res... ...ent agencies (for example, one agency making a phone call to another agency to determine their respective roles and to schedule activities).With cooperation, people look for ways to support and complement one anothers transition services. For example, an adult services agency may accept a students recent test results from his or her school to determine the students eligibility for services. This would prevent the student from being tested doubly and would save the adult services agency time and expense.Collaboration begins with networking, coordinatio n, and cooperation and then requires team members to share decisions, responsibility, and trust. It requires that team members invest time and energy to come up with options and design strategies for carrying out these plans. Because collaboration requires lots of time and energy, it is impossible to make all decisions collaboratively. In some instances, the desired result can be achieved by networking, coordination, or cooperation. Working together, or collaboratively, invites participation of multiple service providers and the use of multiple resources. See the Student Stories below for examples of collaboration in action.

A Rock n Roll Ulysses :: Free Essays Online

A Rock n Roll Ulysses In a letter to Carlo Linati, James Joyce wrote, Each back in Ulysses. . . should not only condition but even create its own technique (Dettmar, from Joyce, 143). Written nearly three decades before long players (phonograph record albums) were to fall upon the marketplace, Ulysses stylistically resembles a pop album (or the other way around). Ulysses was composed of eighteen adventures that created their own technique. The same principle applies to pop albums, which contain recrudesce and straightforward tracks that musically reflect the lyrical content (or parody that content). One album that is as stylistically challenging to the conventions of pop music as Ulysses was to the novel is The Beatles eponymic 1968 album (commonly referred to as The White Album). Albums are generally composed of a group of songs from one recorded group of sessions (anywhere from one day to years) that carry separate narratives within each. Across an entire album, the songs can change singers, styles, points of view ( basic, second and third person voices), and even include songs written by other songwriters. The first album to sell a million copies was Elvis Presleys self-titled debut album in 1956, over a decade after the end of World war II. In both date and concept, the album is a postmodernist invention and artifact. Many theorists assume postmodernism was initiated at the conclusion of World War II, after the debut of the atomic bomb by the United States to the rest of world. Just as the bomb erased one hundred thousand living narratives with one plausibly simulated hot flash of light that was indeed real, postmodernism claims that history and reality are no longer possible, since both have been textualised (Selden and Widdowson, 174). Some of the stylistics of postmodernism include hybridity, non-linearity, the questioning of identity, self-reflexivity, excess, and the telling of the unspeakable. These stylist ic modes, however, are not exclusive to postmodernism, and combinations of some of these styles exist in numerous books written prior the end of the second World War. Notable texts before this period using postmodern techniques include Sternes Tristram Shandy (1767), Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland (1865), Joyces Ulysses (1922), and Woolfs The Waves (1934).

Hollywood moves influence in society Essay

Hollywood movies have had an important effect on cinema across the humanness since the early 20th century. Its history is sometimes separated into four main periods the silent film era, classical Hollywood cinema, New Hollywood, and the contemporary period.Is clear that Hollywood movies have an impact and see in society. From my point of view the Hollywood movies are not a bad influence to society. Most of these movies are do after books and we dont say that books have a bad influence on us.The combinations of themes that have these movies are magnificent so we cant say that be try they have some violent movies the whole industry is bad. Also the movies that contain violence tell us that violence is not the right expressive style of doing things. Almost every movie has his good teaching. Even that they have some of this kind of movies that people can understand are a bad influence from society these havent been proved. Movies should be taken as what they are not reality. Movies a re just a way of entertainment.I personally cogitate that Hollywood films can be positive as they offer different views and concepts to many people and in turn allow people to think everyplace certain ideas and formulate their own ones. The main objective of these movies is entertainment. People choose the stars of these movies as a role model, and these movies became a part of or life.Also I dont agree with the ideal of beauty the media does obviously show, but you cant really blame them when is just the reality, these ideal is show not only in movies but everywhere. Hollywood produces are in fact a mixture of our life or of some of us. It is a mixture of biographies, have a go at it stories, dramas, science fiction, horror stories, action films and documentaries. If some people get bad habits from seeing these movies we can blame the movie because they are not maid to cause any problem.

Private cars should be banned in Hong Kong Essay

In this modern world, the majority of citizenry in rich cities own cars. Cars are cool, comfortable, and convenient. But have people of all time thought about and realized the damage cloak-and-dagger cars are doing to our community? I think not. People buy cars for their own benefit, with no regard for the event that the emissions from vehicles are contributing to global warming. Moreover, especially in overpopulated Hong Kong, the high density of private cars causes massive traffic jams and accidents. Therefore, the environment would be better off if private cars were banned in Hong Kong. It would not only reduce the effect of global warming, but also decrease the risk of disastrous accidents. Therefore, I strongly bank that all private cars should be banned in Hong Kong for the benefit of our polluted society.Hospital deaths due to respiratory and circulatory diseases, and nitrogen dioxide and respiratory moralities, reflect the furbish up of melodic phrase pollution in Hong Kong caused by car emissions. A lot of people are suffering from asthma attack due to the polluted air in Hong Kong. And there is too much oxide going into the atmosphere and producing the greenhouse effect.In Hong Kong, nearly 10 % of the population own cars. And the density of traffic is genuinely high, meaning if everyone drives their car at the same time, there is not enough road space to accommodate all cars. So there pull up stakes be much traffic jams and a much higher risk of accidents. In one week, there is at least a few car crashes, and on a yearly basis, there is bound to be at least a few hundreds.Also, getting caught in a traffic jam wastes a lot of fuel with undue emissions causing even more air pollution. Fuels are expensive in Hong Kong and fossil fuels are running out rapidly. If people do not take private cars and use public transport instead, then less fuel is used.Every morning when we go to school, there is invariably traffic jam, and at least half the road space is taken up by private cars. In Hong Kong, rarely a 7 screw car is full. It is almost impossible to find one that is full. So that wastes a lot of space. If people take public transport instead, the seats will be fully utilized.Despite all those disadvantages, I must say that cars are more comfortable than public buses, and that we have more space and freedom intimate our own vehicle. Also most people consider winning private cars saves more time than waiting for buses. But have people ever pondered that taking public buses is just as fast without the private cars blocking the road, and having private cars actually obstructs and slows down the travelling speed and therefore wastes even more time. And owning a private car is only for our own selfish enjoyment.People may argue that with more people using private cars, car manufacturers enjoy more business, but that would also mean lower requirement for public vehicles and hence fewer jobs for bus drivers. If everyone believe s that every family should own a car, public transport will no longer be in demand and many jobs will be lost to the local community.With all these disadvantages, I believe that establishing a police force to ban private cars is the right thing to do. It not only helps save money, decreases the risk of car accidents, eases traffic flows, but also contributes to a better environment. I forcefully urge that we should ban private cars in Hong Kong.

What Role Do Hrm Practices Play in a Business Decision to Expand Internationally?

What Role Do HRM Practices Play In A Business Decision To Expand Internationally? Ilein Arteaga 2608214 Florida International University HRM CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL amplification OF BUSINESS Human Resource practices play a great bureau in the world(prenominal)istic expansion of melodic linees. With globalization being the current trend in personal line of credites all over the world, success of international business units depends heavily on the effective performance of the Human Resource department (Edwards & Rees, 2006).globalization or the international expansion of business involves the integration of an arrangings operations, business buttes and strategies into assorted cultures, ideas, products and services. Business operations transverse regional and geographical boundaries, while having to deal with diverse cultures in their ara of operation ranging from customer relation to enlisting of employees (Edwards & Rees, 2006).Transnational businesses have to in ad dition strategically deal with their foreign markets which involves understanding concepts of multi-culturalism which can be effectively handled by the Human Resource Management. Most importantly however, is the role of Human Resource Management in cultural sensitivity that go away regard the success of a business beyond its borders (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2012). Human Resource planning is essential in the success of any business.HR planning is the strategic process of forecasting future human resource needs of an organization, and ensuring that structures are established to align these needs with the goals that a business envisions to achieve. This process is especially important in the international expansion of businesses, as the success of a business is highly dependent on this way of this resource (employees). This critical practice of HR management will pick up an organization is equipped with accurate information and data on human resource before it ventures into any foreign markets or fields.HR planning will also ensure correct information on projections in terms of employee turn over is available to avoid future surpluses of deficits in the workforce of an organization (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2012). All these information that is gathered through the process of HR Planning is imperative to a business that is deciding to embark on the process of globalization, or operating beyond its geographical or cultural borders. Recruitment and selection are other roles of HRM that are significant in a business decision to venture into international markets and operations.Transnational business translates into incorporation of a larger workforce in the business operations due to the expand magnitude operations (Ervin & Smith, 2008). This calls for recruitment and selection of parvenue employees to facilitate the expanded scope of operations. The HR practice of recruitment and selection is important in a business decision to venture into international m arkets. Expansion of a business into international markets requires full knowledge of the culture in the host country/region. cultivation and perspective of people in the new markets is imperative to understand, as it would govern the processes of recruitment (Ervin & Smith, 2008). A good example is a nation where people oftentimes read the dailies and newspapers. This would direct the advertising of recruitment in the dailies. The perspective of people in the host country should also be retainn into account to ensure this HR practice is aligned to their culture. Understanding of the host countrys culture and perspective is imperative in conducting a credible and efficient recruitment and selection process.The other equally important HR practice in deciding on international expansion of business is the training and development role in HR. Before a business decides to embark on international markets, it has to consider the possibility of training either newly recruited staff in the new markets, or similarly, training expatriates to work in the new markets (Evans, Doz & Laurent, 1989). There is a high possibility of businesses to fail in newly ventured markets if its operations do non forgather up to that of its competitors.To maintain competitive advantage in new markets, a business must ensure it offers quality services and products that either match or surpass the standards in the newly ventured markets. This can be maintained through continuous training and developing the organizations workforce. Training will inculcate the right job attitudes, skills and knowledge that will ensure effective and efficient job performance an attribute that will enhance a business chance of success in international markets.Performance appraisal is yet another HR practice that plays an important role in determining the viability of a business venturing into international markets. However small the connection may seem between these two factors, the impact of performance appr aisal largely determines the consistency of a business performance. Performance appraisal is the structural check against which the performance of an organizations workforce is weighed and strengthenered. Performance appraisal should significantly take into account the working culture of the market it is operating in (Edwards & Rees, 2006).This is important as people from different cultures are motivated by different factors. Some cultures value rent increment as motivational factors whereas others value job promotions and recognition more. Performance appraisal should consider such cultural factors before establishing ways on how to reward employees. An efficient performance appraisal will ensure that employees are constantly working towards exemplary performance, as they know their efforts will be awarded.Performance appraisals that are fair, transparent and in line with employees expectations will see the rise in productivity of a business operations. The rewarding system esta blished by an organization is also important in determining the success of a business in foreign markets. Different countries in the world have different grade of inflation and standard remuneration. These factors should be taken into effect as they greatly influence the performance of employees in an organization.Remuneration is a sensitive factor in HRM as extremes on either side may lead to high unhealthy turnover for an organization (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2012). High remunerations that are above average in the country of operation may build employees wealth to limits that make them leave their workplaces, on the contrary, meager salaries may result to turnover as employees seek greener pastures. It is indeed imperative that any organization that wishes to expand into international markets to consider the remuneration average in their countries of operation.Other HR practices that need to be considered before a business ventures into international markets include managemen t development, quality management, and accord management (Evans, Doz & Laurent, 1989). The management of an organization venturing into international markets should be ready to streamline its operations to dilate profitably in its market of operation. Most importantly however, the management should adapt a global culture of professionalism that ensures expatriates and employees from the home country work in harmony.The international business should have managers who are focused to think globally, but act locally. This is a sure-way policy that will rocket any international business into success (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2012). Compliance management is the other HRM practice that is equally important in the consideration of venturing into international business. Different countries have different business compliance laws that must be adhered to if a business is to maintain its legal jurisdiction in its area of operation.Laws relating to the quality threshold of production, taxes, employee welfare among others should be taken into effect. It is also important for a business to recognize what operations are deemed legal or illegal in its host country to avoid legal tussles (Evans, Doz & Laurent, 1989). From the above, it is understandably evident that HRM practices play a significant role in determining the globalization of a business. It is therefore essential that before businesses embark onto international businesses, they should take into account global factors that will ensure its ascent to success.BIBLIOGRAPHYEdwards, T. , & Rees, C. (2006). International human resource management Globalization, national systems and multinational companies. Harlow Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Ervin, J. , & Smith, Z. A. (2008). Globalization A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif ABC-CLIO. Evans, P. , Doz, Y. L. , & Laurent, A. (1989). Human resource management in international firms. Macmillan. Jackson, S. E. , Schuler, R. S. , & Werner, S. (2012). Managing human resources. Mason, Ohio South Western cengage learning.

Application of the Top-Down Network Design Methodology

1. What are the business goals? (10 points) The goals of the business are to create a new web that could support the growing number of students at the campus and to create a way for off campus students to attack the network.2. What are the business constraints? (10 points) The constraints on the company are that the reckon consists of revenue from property taxes and a previously approved bond, so with the network now needing to be larger and more accessible the money from the bonds may non be enough to supplement the project.3. What are the technical goals? (10 points) The technical goals of the company are to*Build a new IT wing for the administration building so that all of the servers can be centralized *Connect all of the buildings to the new IT wing *Provide wireless access to the students in their classrooms *Provide wireless access to students off campus *Provide a high-speed wireless tieion for the faculty *Provide a centralized online backup for student and faculty docu ments *Replace the PBX ground phone system with a new VoIP system4. What are the technical constraints? (10 points)The one big issue that is a technical constraint on the company is that due to the rising number of students, the school is planning on needing another campus location- which is expected to be about 15 miles away. Creating a wireless network for the new campus to connect to the original campus will cause issues when it is completed. While the new building has been approved for funding, the new addition on the network has not.5. Diagram the breathing network. (10 points)6. Describe the existing network traffic. (10 points)7. Complete this table for all of the applications that currently run over the network. (10 points)

The Benefits of Team Working

3. 1Assess the public assistances of team up working in my organisation. Team industrial plant means the process of working collaboratively with a group of people in order to achieve a goal. Teamwork is oftentimes a crucial part of a business organisation, as it is often necessary for colleagues to work well together, trying their best in any circumstance. Teamwork means that people will try to cooperate, using their individual skills and providing constructive feedback, notwithstanding any personal conflict between individuals. Now I am going to discuss the benefits of team working in my organisation. DiversityWhen a team works on problem-solving, organisation benefit from various ideas and perspectives. That variety often leads to creative solutions. Brainstorming sessions uncover ideas and answers that might not have occurred oppositewise. Speed An different benefit of teamwork is the speed of project completion for an organisation. Duties can be shared and get done quicker . Very large tasks can be broken up among team members and are less daunting. Quality Teamwork encourages a greater commitment to quality in the organisation. Team members have more sway encouraging each other than a single manager dictating the work.Morale When the employees of an organisation work on teams, they tend to feel like theyre really part of the process and take ownership of it. amend morale results, and that in turn leads to less turnover. Synergy Synergy occurs when forces combine and the result is greater than the sum of the individual parts. Teamwork enhances synergy, and the result is greater efficiency and a more positive end result. 3. 2 A conflict I faced when working in a team for achieving specific goals. I worked as a technician for a large firm.I worked in a team of seven people who prepared material for shipping. On the team were four women and two other men. The people came from three different countries. One of the men on the team feels I worked too slow ly and was not doing my share of the work properly. He laughs with the other team members about me and talks about me in nasty ways. When I tried to talk about that problem, the rest of the team seemed to be against me. It was a real uncomfortable situation for me to work in I was constantly made fun of and criticised. I was not understanding what to do.

Was the U.S. Justified in Going to War With Mexico?

The linked States of America in the 1800s was a rapidly growing country. Many people moved west for religious freedom trance others were strong believers in Manifest Destiny. In order to occupy land, settlers had to find land that wasnt already occupied. Since most of the west was a give way of Mexico, this was not easy to do. Luckily, Mexi grasss in any case wanted settlers in their western lands because that area was not developed. Mexico invited Americans to settle in their land. However, both countries had many differences.It did not take long ahead the united States and Mexico went to war. The United States was justified in going to war because Mexico had shed American blood on American soil, Texas (a land that many Mexicans still considered theirs) was an separatist republic and had the right to govern itself, and Texas was trying to become part of the United States, which means that the United States had a right to be involved, in like manner. Mexico had encouraged Ame ricans to settle in the province of Texas, which was part of Mexico at the time.After the Texans and Mexicans fought, Texas won its independence from Mexico in 1836. Now, in 1846, America sent a troop of men lead by world-wide Zachary Taylor to the Texan border to make sure the Mexicans werent attempting to attack Texas (Doc B). This angered the Mexicans since it made it seem like Texas was now allied with America. The dispute that followed led to the death of sixteen Americans. Also, the Mexicans chose to believe that the arrival of General Zachary Taylor was an outright attack, which lead to the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma (Doc C).This shows that Mexico had taken the first step of fighting the United States. Eventually, the Mexicans were forced to surrender. As to which side fired first, this cannot be determined. In one letter to Congress, James Polk stated, We have tried every effort at reconciliation. The cup of forbearance had been timid even before the rece nt information from the frontier of the Del Norte. But now, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil (Doc B).Before Texas became part of the United States, it was an independent republic. An independent republic has the right to govern itself and set itself apart from other nations. Texas regarded the Rio del Norte to be the Texan border (Doc B). This means that Texas now has the natural selection to do whatever they wish. Charles Sumner, a state legislator from Massachusetts, said, in seeking extension of slavery, (our own citizens denied) the great truths of American freedom (Doc D). If Texas is independent, it has the right to own slaves.Also, states in the United States already owned slaves, so the point cannot be argued any further. Sumner also said Americans brought slaves in Mexico in defiance of Mexican law (Doc D). However, Mexico invited Americans into Mexico and Mexico should have reali ze that Americans would have different ways. Also, Texas was trying to become part of the United States, which meant that the United States had a right to go to war with Mexico. Since Mexico could not govern all of its territory, they invited Americans in.Now that Americans were subsiding in unpopulated Mexican territory, the ratio of Americans to Mexicans increased (Doc A). Eventually, the American lifestyle took over, and demanded different rights. In Document C, Velasco-Marquez said the treaty signed between Texas and the U. S. and also the fact that Texas wanted to be annexed to the U. S. was an act of war. Texas had the right to be a part of the U. S. , and if Mexico considered this an act of war with Texas, then the U. S. had the right to be involved too (Doc C).Finally, James Polk said, The invasion was threatened solely because Texas had determinedto annex herself to our Union (Doc B). If that is true, then America did have the right to declare war. Once Mexico showed aggre ssion to Texas, the United States had a right to go to war with Mexico because Texas was an independent republic and wanted to be annexed into the United States. Whatever Texas does, Mexico cannot have a stake in it. From these points, it can be concluded that the United States was justified in going to war with Mexico.

More so than any other issue facing us we must all start to reduce our ecological footprint

Yes, we must start to reduce our ecological footprint as developement of the world over the past 20 years has proven to be unsustainable. Meaning that we are actually living beyond our means e. g. A quarter of all fish stocks are overharvested, humankind direct use between 40% and 50% of all available freshwater running off the land and deforestation increase risks of various hurtful diseases such as malaria and cholera. Our way of life is placing an increasing burden on the planet and this can reliablely not be sustained. To be sustainable, natures resources must plainly be used at a rate which they can be replenished earthyly.Scientific evidence shows now that humanity is living in n unsustainable way. manhood are consuming the Earths limited natural resources more rapidly than they are being replaced by nature. Now a human effort to keep human use of natural resources within the sustainable development aspect of the Earths finite resource limits is now an issue of huge imp ortance to the present and future of humanity. sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. As our world tribe increases rapidly our use of natural resources cannot go on forever and unless we start to make progress with reconciling these contradictions everybody, where ever they are will face a much less certain and secure lifestyle to the lifestyle we live in today. No, we dont have to reduce our ecological footprint as the world we live in right now is suffering from much worse issues presently and so in dealing with the issue of the footprint brings alot of limitations. The term ecological foot print also lacks a temporal dimension.For example, safe custody, monitoring and storage of high level nuclear waste will tie up people, corporations and land for over 100,000 years. For it to be no-hit will require political will, social stability and unwavering purpose through those millennia. This, too, will impose its load on the planet, both directly and in terms of the opportunity cost. The given population in the definition above needs to be specified is it the human population? The population of all animals? The population of all life?In my personal opinion, I agree with the concept of reducing our ecological footprint as it is seriously harmful to the world both presently and for future generations. Although I realise that there is a for and against argument for this cause, I find myself leaning more towards the Yes side of the argument because I cerebrate we should respect this Earth not destroy it, as it is the only one weve got. The earth cannot be replaced and neither can all the natural resources we use up or destroy so rapidly without a moments thought to both the consequences and meaning.

Which ethical principle is most prominent in your belief system Autonomy or Fidelity?

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European Settlement in Latin America Essay

Between 1450 and 1750 C. E. , Europeans entered Latin America and created new semipolitical structures, increased trade, and brought their religion. This happened because the Spanish conquered the Aztecs and Incas, while Portugal took over what is now Brazil. Hernando Cortes conquered the Aztecs while Francisco Pizzarro conquered the Incas. The Aztecs and Incas were dickens great Native American civilizations. In Latin America, slavery remained un alterd. These areas that the Spanish and Portuguese conquered later demonstrable into their own self-governing states.In 1494, the Treaty of Todesillas split the New World in two when pontiff Alexander VI drew the Line of Demarcation. Spain received the majority of the land while Portugal received red-brick day Brazil. While Spain constructed a massive military, Portugal established many settlements on the east coast. In 1519, Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs by killing Montezuma, the Aztec emperor. In 1532, Francisco Pizzaro conquer ed the Incas by killing Atahualpa, the Inca emperor.The Incas had such(prenominal) highly rallyized government that they could not be active without an empire. Because of guns, germs, and steel, Spanish conquistadors were able to conquer the Aztec and Inca empires. The Spanish also had an advantage in military technology, having steel swords, cast-iron mail, and horses. Without domesticated animals, such as pigs and cows, the Aztecs and Incas had now immunity to European diseases such as smallpox, typhus, and influenza, which killed al to the highest degree 95% of the indigenous community of Latin America.In 1549, the first Jesuit missionaries arrived in Brazil to spread Catholicism. In the late 1500s, there were no longer Native American slaves because of the large decrease in their population due to European diseases. Some Native American tribes forced there slaves to undergo human sacrifice, such as the Aztecs. There were now Black African slaves. While this was happening, th e Portuguese switched from establishing trading posts to building an lengthy colonization. 240,000 Europeans entered Latin America in the 16th century.They imported millions of slaves to run their plantations. The Portuguese and Spanish royal governments anticipate to rule these settlements collect 20% of all the treasure found, and tax as much as they could notice away with. Silver soon became 20% of Spains total budget. During the end of the colonial period, it was very roughhewn for the Native Americans to intermix with the Europeans. The offspring were called Mestizos, which are people of mixed ancestry. They formed majorities in many colonies.In the late 16th century, Peru participated in the Manila Galleon Trade. This was a trade where China gave Mexico porcelain, silk, ivory, spices and myriad other exotic goods in exchange for New World silver. Potosi, Peru became the fifth most populated city in the ground by 1620 because of silver production. However, in the mid-17th century, silver production declined, but the decimated indigenous population in the central Andean region progressively begins to stabilize and free-wage labor replaces required labor in the mining regions.The most significant continuity for the European settlement in Latin America was slavery. Slavery did however change from Native American slaves to Black African slaves, but the concept of slavery remained the same. The key changes were new political structures, increased trade, and Europeans brought over their religion. The Spanish and Portuguese royal governments conquered Latin America.

Industry Life Cycle of Nokia Company

sociable Sustainability member patience hearty Sustainability companionable indications for sustainable control and Technology emotional state cycle vigilance in the carry through with(predicate) Industry Carin Labuschagne1 and Alan C. Brent1* 1 Chair of flavour Cycle Engineering, Department of Engineering & Technology anxiety, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, sec Africa * Corresponding author (alan. emailprotected ac. za) DOI http//dx. doi. org/10. 1065/lca2006. 01. 233 Abstract Goal, Scope and backcloth.The importance of the hearty dimension of sustainable training increased noneworthyly during the last decade of the twentieth century. Industry has subsequently experienced a interruption in stakeholder pressures from environmental to genial-related concerns, where new matuproportionns in the form of objects and technologies atomic number 18 under(a)taken. However, the measurement of decenniumder contract-to doe withs and the calculation of qual ified indicators are less healthy highly- parted compared to environmental indicators in order to assess the po cardinaltial liabilities associated with undertaken regorges and technologies.The look of this paper is to propose a brotherly match indication (SII) calculation unconscious process establish on a previously introduced Life Cycle squeeze sound judgement (LCIA) calculation procedure for environmental imaging Impact index numbers (RIIs), and to establish the practicability of the SII procedure in the context of the parade exertion in southward Africa. Methods. A theoretical account of neighborly sustainability criteria has been introduced for the southwest African influence industry.The loving sub-criteria of the framework are boost analyzed, based on bewilder and engine room prudence expertise in the reciprocal ohm African process industry, to determine whether the criteria should be speaked at tolerate or applied science prudence take aim or whether they should rather form part of an over every(prenominal) corporate governance policy for new protrusions and technologies. andmore, the pro represent indicators for criteria that are considered fascinate for stand or engine room evaluation purposes are cumber by the type of prove that is for sale, i. e. he calculation regularityology relies on the availability of regional or national accessible entropy where the catch will be implemented, as well as the availability of project- or applied science-specific hearty tuition during the confuse phases of the project or technology victimisation feel calendar method. Case studies in the process industry and statistical learning for entropy Africa are subsequently apply to establish information availability for the SII calculation procedure, demonstrate the SII method together with the RII method, and determine the working use of the SII method.Results and Conclusion. The reason studies establish that soci al remnant information as well as project- and technology social info are not readily available in the southbound African process industry. Consequently, the tote up of mid-point categories that can be evaluated are minimal, which results in an afflicted social picture when compared to the environmental dimension. It is concluded that a quantitative social impact assessment method cannot be applied for project and technology conduct beat management purposes in industry at present.Recommendation and Perspective. Following the outcomes of the crusade studies in the South African process industry, it is recommended that checklists and guidelines be utilise during project and technology bearing round of golf management practices. Similar to the environmental dimension, it is envisaged that much(prenominal) checklists and guidelines would improve the availability of quantitative entropy in time, and would thitherfore make the SII procedure more practical in the future.Keyword s Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Life Cycle forethought (LCM) process industry election Impact Indicator (RII) tender Impact Indicator (SII) social sustainability Introduction The last decade of the twentieth century marked significant steps to draw the social dimension of sustainable development into the break 1. The inclusion of social aspects in the sustainability debate and practice has nevertheless been marginal compared to the attention given to the other both dimensions, especi entirelyy from a strain perspective 1,2,3.However, stakeholders are forcing companies to delivery the inclusion of social sustainability by slicknessing pressure from environmental to social related concerns 4,5. The social dimension is commonly recognised as the weakest pillar of sustainable development due to a need of analytical and theoretical underpinnings 5 and it is believed that the state of development of indicators or measurements for social air sustainability parallels that of environmental deeds about 20 years ago 6.Nevertheless, there is a definite need for practical tools to introduce social sustainability into business evaluation processes 1,7,8. This paper proposes a methodology to assess the social sustainability of projects and technologies in the process industry by calculating social impact indicators, and addresses the following two questions 1) What social criteria moldiness such an assessment methodology consider and measure? 2) How must these criteria be communicate and measured?To address the first question, a framework of social business sustainability criteria is traced, which is relevant for operational hatchways in the process industry. social sustainable development indicators are then introduced, demonstrated and discussed, based on the defined framework. Int J LCA 11 (1) 3 15 (2006) 2006 ecomed publishers (Verlagsgruppe Huthig Jehle Rehm GmbH), D-86899 Landsberg and Tokyo Mumbai Seoul Melbourne genus Paris 3 bidding Indus try well-disposed Sustainability state (CSR) literature and guidelines, and other international guidelines were undertaken ( evade 1) 9.The abbreviation presented that a comprehensive social sustainability framework should define take away criteria to address the corporations impacts on the social systems in which it operates, as well as the companys relationship with its various stakeholders. A sustainable development framework for operational initiatives was subsequently developed and proposed, the social dimension of which is shown in Fig. 1. get across 2 provides the definitions of the criteria at the different trains of the framework, which are described in detail elsewhere 9. 1 1. 1 affectionate Sustainability Criteria mannequin information of a framework for business management purposes in the process industry The current indicator frameworks that are available to measure boilers suit business sustainability do not government issueively address social aspects of s ustainability at operational level in the process industry, especially in developing countries such as South Africa 9. The question arises what the exact scope of social sustainability should entail from a business management perspective. An analysis of current available frameworks, Social Impact Assessment (SIA) guidelines, Corporate SocialTable 1 Analysis of the social criteria addressed by current frameworks and guidelines 9 Name and type of literature Health Education Environment Housing / financial backing conditions ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Criteria club Security / Crime Facilities & Services tribe characteristics Community characteristics Economic welfare / workplace ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Indicator frameworks United Nations 1 ? ? 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Global reporting Intitiative2 IchemE Sustainability prosody Wuppertal Indicators 4 European Conceptual Framework for Social Ind. SIA literature Interorganizational Committee on Guidelines and Principles6 Socio sparing impacts for pos tcode Efficiency Project for Climate turn Mitigation7 South Sydney Council SIA 8 checklist SIA categories for development 9 projects in South Africa South African social criteria for CDM project evaluation10 Classification of social impacts 11 according to Vanclay Classification of social impacts 11 according to Juslen Classification of social impacts according to Gramling and 11 Freudenburg SIA Series Guide to Social Assessment12 Government actions European Greenpaper on CSR World dep unitys Social Analysis 14 Sourcebook SRI index numberes Dow Jones Sustainability indication FTSE 4 GOOD16 JSE SRI Index 17 18 15 13 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Pressures from international financing plaques ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Dominini 400 Index Global Compact19 multinational standards and guidelines Global Sullivan Principles20 Caux rung Table OECD Guidelines SA 8000 23 21 22 AA asco rbic acid024 Investors in slew CSR standards Ethos Indicators 27 25 26 Ethical duty Initiative ? 29 ? ? ? ? ? Standards of CSR28 Danish Social Index 4 Int J LCA 11 (1) 2006 Social Sustainability treat IndustryTable 1 Analysis of the social criteria addressed by current frameworks and guidelines 9 (contd) Name and type of literature Society Community cohesion Indicator frameworks 1 United Nations 2 Global narrationing Intitiative ? 3 IchemE Sustainability Metrics 4 Wuppertal Indicators European Conceptual Framework ? 5 for Social Ind. SIA literature Interorganizational Committee on ? 6 Guidelines and Principles Socioeconomic impacts for ? Energy Efficiency Project for 7 Climate modify Mitigation 8 South Sydney Council SIA checklist ? SIA categories for development ? 9 projects in South Africa South African social criteria for CDM project evaluation10 Classification of social impacts ? 11 according to Vanclay Classification of social impacts ? 1 according to Juslen Classification of social impacts ? according to Gramling and 11 Freudenburg SIA Series Guide to Social ? Assessment12 Government actions 13 European Greenpaper on CSR ? Pressures from international financing organisations World Banks Social Analysis ? 14 Sourcebook SRI Indexes 15 Dow Jones Sustainability Index FTSE 4 GOOD16 17 JSE SRI Index 18 Dominini 400 Index International standards and guidelines 19 Global Compact 20 Global Sullivan Principles Caux Round Table21 22 OECD Guidelines 23 SA 8000 ? AA 100024 ? 25 Investors in People ? 26 Ethical Trading Initiative ? CSR standards 27 Ethos Indicators 28 Standards of CSR Danish Social Index29 1Criteria Society and company (interlinkage) Product Community Stakeholder Training, responsibility involvement participation / education of of company plight staff Equity Company internal Fair pitying labour rights practices Employee health and safety ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 United Nations Commission on sustainable Development (2001) Indicators of sustainable development guidelines and methodologies. United Nations. forthcoming from http//www. un. rg/esa/sustdev/ natlinfo/indicators/indisd/indisd-mg2001. pdf, visited on 19 November 2003 Global Reporting Initiative (2002) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines 2002. Global Reporting Initiative, Bos pass ton Institution of Chemical Engineers, (2002) The Sustainability Metrics Sustainable Development Progress Metrics recommend for use in the Process Industries. Institution of Chemical Engineers. Rugby Spangenberg JH, Bonniot O (1998) Sustainability Indicators A Compass on the Road Towards Sustainability. Wuppertal Paper 81 Centre for Survey look for and methodological analy sis (ZUMA) (2000) Conceptual Framework and Structure of a European System of Social Indicators.EuReporting Working Paper no 9, Mannheim Interorganizational Committee on Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment (1995) Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment. environmental Impact Assessment Review 15 (1) 1143 Vine E, Sathaye J (1999) Guidelines for the Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting, Verification and Certification of Energy-Efficiency Projects for Climate Change Mitigation. US environmental auspices Agency through the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098 South Sydney Council (2004) The South Sydney Plan Social Impact Assessment Checklist. http//www. sscc. nsw. gov. au/router? model=c=1704, visited on 21 January 2004. Khosa M (2000) Social Impact Assessment of Development Projects. In Khosa M (ed), Infrastructure Mandate for Change 19941999. forgiving Sciences Research Council (HSRC) Publishers, Pretoria Brent AC, Heuberger R, Manzini D (2005) Evaluating projects that are potentially eligible for Clean Development chemical mechanism (CDM) funding in the South African context A good example study to establish burthen values for sustainable development criteria. Environment and Development Economics 10 (5) 631649 Vanclay F (2002) Conceptualising social impacts. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 22 (3) 183211 Branch K, Hooper DA, Thompson J, Creighton J (1984) Guide to Social Assessment A framework for assessing social change. Westview Press, London European Commission involvement and Social Affairs (2001) Promoting a European framework for corporate social responsibility. European Communities, Luxembourg Social Analysis and Policy Team (2003) Social Analysis Sourcebook Incorporating Social Dimensions into Bank-supported projects.Washington DC, The World Bank Social Development Department SAM Indexes (2003) Dow Jones Sustainability World Indexes Guide, displacement 5. 0. SAM Indexes GmbH, Zollikon -Zurich FTSE (2003) FTSE4Good Index Series Inclusion Criteria. FTSE The Independent Global Index Company, London Johannesburg Stock exchange (2004) JSE SRI Index Background and Selection Criteria. http//www. jse. co. za/sri/docs/, visited on 9 January 2004 Domini Social Investments (2003) The Domini 400 Social IndexSM. getable from http//www. domini. com/Social-screening/creation_ of importtenance. doc_cvt. htm, visited on 31 December 2003 Kell G (2003) The global compact origins, operations, progress and challenges.The Journal of Corporate Citizenship, Autumn, 3549 Global Sullivan Principles (2003) The Global Sullivan Principles of Social Responsibility. lendable from http//www. globalsullivanprinciples. org, visited on 27 December 2003 Caux Round Table (2003) Caux Round Table Principles for Business, English Translation. Available from http//www. cauxroundtable. org/ENGLISH. htm, visited on 20 January 2003 Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2000) The OECD G uidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2000 Revision. OECD Publication, Paris Social Accountability International (2003) Overview of SA8000. Available from http//www. cepaa. org/SA8000/SA8000. tm, visited on 4 bound 2003 obligation (1999) Overview of the AA1000 framework. AccountAbility Publication, London, available from http//www. accountability. org. uk/uploadstore/cms/docs/AA1000%20Overview. pdf, visited on 29 December 2003 Investors in People UK (2003) The Standard. Available from http//iipuk. co. uk/IIP/Internet/InvestorsinPeople/TheStandard/default. htm, visited on 29 December 2003 Ethical Trading Initiative (2003) Ethical Trading Initiative Homepage. Available from http//www. ethicaltrade. org, visited on 29 December 2003 Ethos Institute for Business and Social Responsibility (2001) ETHOS Corporate Social Responsibility INDICATORS.Instituto Ethos de Empresas e Responsabillidade Social, Sao Paulo Goodell E (ed) (1999) Social Venture Networks Standards of Corporate Social R esponsibility, Social Venture Networks, San Fransisco Danish Ministry of Social Affairs, KPMG, Socialforskningsinstituttet (2000) Social Index Measuring a Companys social responsibility, Danish Ministry of Social Affairs, Copenhagen Int J LCA 11 (1) 2006 5 Process Industry Social Sustainability Social Sustainability immanent Human Resources outer Population macro Social surgical procedure Stakeholder fellowship calling Stability Human gravid Socio- Economic executing Information Provision role Opportunities job Renumeration Employment Practices Health Economic Welfare Trading Opportunities Socio- Environmental Performance Collective listening Selected Audience Stakeholder forge Education Productive Capital Disciplinary & Security Practices Employee Contracts Equity Housing MonitoringDecision Influence emf Stakeholder Empowerment Service Infrastructure Mobility Infrastructure regulative & Public Services Community Capital ordinance Enforcement advertize Sources Health & gumshoe Health & Safety Practices Health & Safety Incidents competency Development sensational Stimuli Cultural Properties Social Pathologies Security Economic Welfare Social Cohesion Research & Development locomote Development Fig. 1 Framework to assess the social sustainability of engineering projects and technologies 9 Table 2 Definitions of Social Criteria 9 inwrought Human Resources porees on the social responsibility of the company towards its workforce and includes all aspects of employment.The criterion addresses a business initiatives impact on work opportunities within the company, the stability thus as well as Employment Stability evaluating the fairness of compensation. Disciplinary and secrecy practices as well as employee contracts are addressed under this criterion. These are evaluated to Employment Practices ensure that it complies with the laws of the country, international gracious rights declarations as well as other human rights and fair employment pra ctice standards. The criterion focuses on the health and safety of the workforce and evaluates preventive measures as well as the occurrence Health & Safety and handling of health and/or safety incidents. Capacity Development The criterion addresses two different, aspects namely research and development, and career development.External Population focuses on the external impacts of the companys operational initiatives on a society, e. g. impacts External Population on the availability of work, community cohesion, economic welfare, etc. Human Capital refers to an individuals ability to work in order to generate an income and encompasses aspects such as health, Human Capital psychological well creation, education, training and skills levels. The criterion addresses Health and Education separately. Productive capital entails the assets and home an individual needs in order to maintain a productive life. The criterion Productive Capital measures the strain placed on these assets and i nfrastructure availability by the business initiative.This criterion takes into account the effect of an operational initiative on the social and institutional relationships and networks of Community Capital trust, reciprocity and support as well as the typical characteristics of the community. Macro Social Performance focuses on the contri andion of an organisation to the environmental and financial Macro Social Performance performance of a region or nation, e. g. contribution to exports. Socio-Economic Performance This criterion addresses the external economic impact of the companys business initiatives. Economic welfare (contribution to gross domestic product, taxes, etc. ) as well as trading opportunities (contribution to foreign currency savings, etc. ) are addressed separately.Socio-Environmental This criterion considers the contributions of an operational initiative to the improvement of the environment for society on a Performance community, regional and national level. The extension of the environmental monitoring abilities of society, as well as the enhancement of legislation and the enforcement thereof, are included in this criterion. Stakeholder fraternity focuses on the relationships between the company and ALL its stakeholders (internally and Stakeholder lodge externally) by assessing the standard of information sharing and the grade of stakeholder influence on decision-making. The quantity and quality of information shared with stakeholders are measured.Information can either be shared openly with all Information Provisioning stakeholders (Collective Audience) or shared with keistered, specific groups of stakeholders (Selected Audience). The degree to which the company in reality listens to the stakeholders opinion should withal be evaluated. Two separate subStakeholder Influence criteria are included Decision Influence Potential and Stakeholder Empowerment. knowledgeable Human Resources 6 Int J LCA 11 (1) 2006 Social Sustainability Proce ss Industry The resultant was r apieceed that no social aspect of the ten projects could be found that could not be classified into the criteria framework. In addition, all of the social criteria did not manifest in each asset life troll phase. However, there may be social aspects that did not manifest in either the fictional character studies or the framework.Nevertheless, the rear end on which the individual case studies were chosen makes these cases adequately catch up withative of the current social environment in which verbal expression, operation, and decommissioning occurs in the process industry. It is subsequently concluded that the framework is complete enough to be used as an initial ground to develop a social assessment methodology, which can incorporate social sustainability into project and technology management practices. The social sustainability framework was further validated by centre of a Delphi technique quite a little 12. The survey focused on the re levance of the proposed social criteria for the evaluation of projects or technologies and attempted to dish out whether the project team, a functional unit within an organisation, or an organisations corporate governance framework should address the different social aspects.A amount of 23 project management experts in a process industry company in South Africa participated in the survey, which established the suitability of the social criteria, as well as the relevance of the criteria in terms of sustainable business practices. The outcomes of the survey support the conclusion reached by the case studies, but also suggest, according to the opinion of project management experts, that all the criteria are not relevant to project and technology management, but should rather manifest as part of corporate policy (Table 3) 11. 1. 2 Verification and validation of the completeness and relevance of the social criteria of the framework The social sustainability framework was verified by m eans of case studies testing the completeness and relevance of its criteria.Since the aim of the framework is to assess the social sustainability of projects and technologies in the process industry, ten case studies were chosen that represent the three phases of the asset, or technology, life cycle with the greatest potential to sustain social impacts, i. e. the Construction Phase, the Operation Phase, and the Decommissioning Phase. The rationale for focussing on the three asset life cycle phases, as well as the interaction between asset and project life cycles, can be found in literature 10. The case studies aimed to describe the significant social impacts that may occur during the life cycle phases in relation to the proposed framework, and to identify any social impacts that cannot be classified into the framework 11 The construction of three process industry facilities an incinerator, a mine, and a gas pipeline. The operation of four chemical manufacturing facilities, one in Germany, one in the USA, and two in different provinces in South Africa. The decommissioning of three process industry facilities a cyanide manufacturing plant, an acrylic fibre manufacturing plant, and a mine. Project related documentation, pertaining to each of the case studies, was evaluated and personal interviews were held with project responsible individuals 11. It must be noted that in case study research it is not easy to generalise results, since statistical analysis cannot necessarily be applied. Cases are not try out units and cannot be treated as such. Table 3 Delphi Technique survey results 11Criterion Employment Opportunities Employment hire Disciplinary & Security Practices Employee Contracts Equity & Diversity Labour Sources Health & Safety Practices Health & Safety Incidents Research Development Career Development Health Education Housing Service Infrastructure Mobility Infrastructure Regulatory & Public Services/ Institutional Services Sensory Stimuli Security C ultural Properties Economic Welfare Social Pathologies Social Cohesion Economic Welfare Trading Opportunities Monitoring Legislation Enforcement Information Provisioning Stakeholder Influence Project x The criterion should be addressed by Business Strategy x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Functional Department x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Int J LCA 11 (1) 2006 7 Process Industry Social Sustainability CC = Characterisation factor for an impact category (of intervention X) within the pathway. As a first approximation no characterisation factors are assumed and social LCI constituents are considered separately.NC = normalization factor for the impact category based on the social objectives in the region of assessment, i. e. the inverse of the target state of the impact category. The information is obtained from social whole step data in the region of the assessment. And, Significance (or relation importance) of the impact category i n a social group based on the distance-to-target method, i. e. current social state divided by the target social state (see section 1. 2). 2 Social Impact Indicator (SII) Calculation Procedure The main focus of this paper is the development and testing of a quantitative social sustainable development indicator calculation method.A life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) glide path has been proposed forward for the evaluation of the social impacts of life cycle systems from compiled LCIs 13,14. An introduced LCIA methodology developed specifically for the South African context, termed the Resource Impact Indicator (RII) approach 15, is thereby used as basis for the development of social indicators. The environmental RII approach considers the current and target ambient state or ecological vestige through a conventional distance-to-target normalisation and weighting calculation procedure 15. A similar calculation procedure is proposed for Social Impact Indicators (SII), using the four main social criteria (shown in Fig. 1) as Areas of Protection (AoP).Three of these criteria represent the main groups of social resources on which the company can comport an impact, while the fourth criterion represents all relationships between the company and stakeholders. The general SII calculation procedure is described through Eq. 1. (1) Where SIIG = Social Impact Indicator take aimd for a main social resource group through the summation of all impact pathways of all categorised social interventions of an evaluated life cycle system. QX = Quantifiable social intervention (X) of a life cycle system in a shopping centre impact category C, i. e. project or technology specific information with regards to social impacts. Table 4 inwardness categories and evaluation methods 17 Social Impact Indicators (SIIs) Internal Human Resources Midpoint category SC = CS = TSTo develop the calculation method, the same case studies used for the verification of the social criteria (see section 1. 2) were used to compile a list of potential social interventions, i. e. a social Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of assessed operational initiatives in the process industry. However, the RII method makes use of mid-point categories. To define midpoint categories, the list of social interventions was mapped against the social criteria at various levels within the proposed social sustainability framework. A causal relationship diagram was consequently established for each of the four main social criteria, which define the midpoint categories. These causal diagrams are shown in the Appendix 16.Three measurement methods are proposed to express the defined midpoint categories in equivalence units (Table 4) 17 Established risk assessment approaches, which require a subjective evaluation of the probability of occurrence, the communicate frequency of the occurrence, and the potential intensity thereof Measurement methods to establish equivalence units valued hazard duodecimal Quantitati ve lay on the line Qualitative Quantitative Qualitative Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Qualitative Quantitative Qualitative/Quantitative Quantitative External Population Stakeholder Participation Macro-Social PerformancePermanent internal employment positions Internal Health and Safety situation Knowledge level / Career development Internal Research and Development capacity Comfort level / Nuisances Perceived aesthetics Local employment Local population migration Access to health facilities Access to education Availability of pleasing housing Availability of piddle work Availability of energy work Availability of waste services Pressure on public enjoy services Pressure on the transport network / People and goods movement Access to regulatory and public services Change in relationships with stakeholders External value of purchases / give chain value/ disposition of Purchases Migration of cl ients / Changes in the product value chain/Nature of Sales receipts of socio-environmental services 8 Int J LCA 11 (1) 2006 Social Sustainability Process IndustryTable 5 Proposed Midpoint Categories for the four main social criteria together with proposed units of equivalence Social AoP Internal Human Resources Midpoint Category Permanent Internal Employment Positions Possible Health and Safety Incidents Internal Research & Development Capacity External Population Comfort Level/Nuisances Units of equivalence figure of employment opportunities equivalent to a specific position need or Disability Injury Rate Cost spend on R capacity fortune of uncomfort/ Kilo dozens of pollutants emitted per annum Intervention Information, i. e. project Social Footprint Information needed or technology information Number and type of employment Employment by type, i. e. osition and opportunities created or destroyed full-time/part-time, for municipality Risk of health and safety incidents with pre diction of number based on similar previous undertakings Investment by project in R as part of project budget Predicted emissions that can smell or risk of emissions Industry fatal accident or disability injury rate Municipality budget on R or industry budget Emissions and noise level of municipality as well as pleasing levels by standards, e. g. SABS standards Predicted noise levels or risk of noise Aesthetics Level of perceived acceptability Risk of structure and location having a banish impact on aesthetics of community Perceived level of aesthetic acceptability by community Local Employment Fraction of employable community hours Number of permanent job type equivalents Calculation permanent positions multiplied by conversion factor Employment by type for community or municipality Local Population Migration Access to health facilities Level of short-term demographic changes People per qualified doctorPredicted change in local population Predicted increase or pass in ratio, foc us only on public health sector Predicted impact on the number of literate adults The predicted need for houses which must be build multiplied by the average size criterion of pee used or supplied Quantity of electricity used or supplied Quantity of waste generated and/or quantity of waste removed from municipal area Number of additional public transport set required Tons of good transported on roads and or kilogrammetre of road infrastructure provided share of turnover or expenses spend locally Monetary amount spend on services, resources or information that will improve macro environmental performance Predicted Percentage improvement or deterioration in perceived stakeholder trust Demographic profile of community or municipal area National ratio of people per qualified doctor or international ratio Literate adults in municipality area or region Size of municipality area Access to Education Availability of acceptable houses Availability of water services Availability of energy services Availability of waste services Pressure on public transport services Pressure on transport network/ People and goods movement Macro Social Performance Literate adults Zoned residential area per capita Water of intoxication quality per capita kWh of electricity per capita Capita per Gh landfill siteWater of drinking quality used by municipality electrical energy use of goods and services by municipality Landfill sites (type and size) used by municipality Public becharm seats available in municipal area Ton kilometres per capita (in region or nationally) clear domesticated Product (GDP) per region and/or per industry. Monetary amount spent on Environmental Services by the region, i. e. provincial government or municipal council Perceived stakeholder trust based on community questionnaires or surveys Seat kilometres per capita Ton kilometres per capita External value of purchases Fraction of purchased locallymanufactures goods Improvement of SocioEnvironmental Services C ost spent on SE services per capita Stakeholder Participation Change in relationships with stakeholders Level of stakeholder trust Quantitative evaluation approaches, including, but not limited to, costs and direct measurements in society and Qualitative evaluation approaches, which require suppress subjective scales and associated guidelines, and have been proposed for the industrial ecology and streamlined LCA disciplines (see section 1. 2). The defined midpoint categories, which, from the validation survey (see section 1. 2), are considered appropriate at project or technology management level, together with pro- posed units of equivalence for evaluation purposes are shown in Table 5. The units of equivalence were determined from the characteristics of the social interventions identified from the ten case studies.The definitions of the midpoint categories make it evident that the normalisation and significance steps will be constrained by what is practicably measurable within a society where an operational initiative, i. e. project or technology (from an industry perspective), will typically occur. The availability of information is likely to differ be- Int J LCA 11 (1) 2006 9 Process Industry tween developed and developing countries. Furthermore, the projection of the social interventions of a project or technology may be problematic or at least differ from case to case. Separate studies may be required for some of the social sustainability criteria, e. g. stakeholder participation, even at project-specific level, which may be problematic. Case Studies to licence and Test the SII Calculation Method Social Sustainability 3. 1 Construction of an open cast mine 3. 1. 1 Background The SII calculation method was applied to three case studies to determine the current feasibility thereof in terms of data availability. In the third case study, environmental Resource Impact Indicators were also calculated using the RII method 15. all(a) case studies are set in S outh Africa and project information was obtained from Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies as well as interviews with members of the respective project teams. ascribable to the hindsight application of the SII method no additional data could be collected from a project perspective.Social vestige information was obtained from Statistics South Africa 18 South African Department of Transport 19 South African Council for Scientific and industrial Research (CSIR) 20 South African Department of Health 21 South African Department of Labour 22 NOSA International 23 and Municipal Demarcation Board South Africa 24 and individual municipalities, e. g. some municipalities have undertaken strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) in certain regions of South Africa. In the case studies, mid-point categories were evaluated in respect of whether both project and social sign information are available, and if the respective information is comparable. It is noted that whereas LCA n ormally considers a products life cycle, these case studies focus on the asset, or technology, life cycle (as described in section 1. 2) with the functional unit being one operational year of the asset.However, since the asset life cycle and the associate product life cycle interact through the assets operational phase 10, the indicators could be translated to a typical product-manufactured functional unit. In 1996 a petrochemical company in South Africa announced its intention to develop an Open footslog spoil Mine on the banks of the Vaal River between the Gauteng and Free State Provinces. The project was motivated on the basis that the reserves of the companys main mine in the area had reached the end of its economic life and that this posed a threat to the future of a large chemical manufacturer in a nearby town, which was supplied by the mine from 1952.Ultimately, a threat to the cosmos of the chemical manufacturer is a direct threat to the existence of the town and in a sen se the province since the manufacturer contributes 12% to the geographical economy of the region. The project was met with a lot of resistance from the public, especially owners of riverside properties. The project was stopped after a non-governmental organisation took the company to court and won a legal battle, which changed the mining legislation of South Africa. 3. 1. 2 Available project and social footprint information Tables 6 and 7 summarise the available project information and social footprint information that have been obtained from the Environmental Management Programme Report 25 and the specialist study on the macro social economic impacts 26. 3. 1. 3 SIIs for the projectThe information presented in Tables 6 and 7 highlights the mismatch between available project and social footprint information. SIIs were calculated as far as possible where both appropriate project and social footprint information was available for midpoint categories (Table 8) using Eq. 1. The project will have an overall positive social impact, although job creation could not outweigh the negative impact on the comfort level on the neighbourhoods in a close vicinity to the plant. The overall positive impact is mainly due to the large contribution the project will make to the Gross Geographic Product (GGP) of a relative small area, which relies strongly on mining.Table 6 Available project social intervention information for the proposed mine Construction Employment Opportunities created Employment Opportunities destroyed Indirect Employment Opportunities Contribution to GDP (added or lost) Reduction in property values Increases in Ambient encumbrance levels (dBa) on mediocre Dust (mg/day/m2) 450 people 24138 Operation 300a employment opportunities over a 20 year life span 24121 Multiplier effect of 2. 8 840a a 20 employment opportunities on farmsa 24 267 Multiplier effect of 2. 8 1260 R52 meg per annum (in 1999/2000) 2532 9-19% (year 110) 24 258 2 24 195 Between 50250 24 187 2 6% (after year 10 till mine closure) 24258 2 24 238239 100a 24 231 a a These values are used as quantifiable social interventions (Qx) in the SII calculation procedure. The South African Rand is partake to nearly 0. 12 Euros (as at the end of October 2005). 10 Int J LCA 11 (1) 2006 Social Sustainability Process IndustryTable 7 Available social footprint information for the region of the proposed mine Labour Force Potentially Economically Active 25 55 full(a) 736,721 100% Estimated ambient noise level (dBA) 24 97 Time of day Morning Midday Evening dark Over 24 hours Sasolburg GDP (1991) due to kind of activity 25 59 Mining & Quarrying Dust convening 25 MarchJuly AugustDecember JanuaryFebruary Dust Figures 25 September October (2 x sites) November (1 site) a b c occupied 308,826 41. 9% a Un assiduous 149,335 20. 3% a not-economically active 278,560 37. 8% Typical weekday 50. 9 46. 9 41. 4 34. 7 44. 6 b Typical weekend 49. 2 48. 0 46. 9 42. 3 46. 8 b R 259 677 000 per annumc Low Higher Lower 251500 mg/day/m2 5011200 mg/day/m 5011200 mg/day/m 2 2 Moderate atrocious Heavy The sum of these values are the target state for the region. The current tate refers to only the value 308,826. The average of these two values are used as the target state for the region. The current state is assumed equal to the target state. note value used for target and current state for the region. The South African Rand is equal to approximately 0. 12 Euros (as at the end of October 2005) 3. 2 Operation of a chemical installation 3. 2. 1 Background The chemical facility is located on a 6,798 ha industrial site in South Africa. The construction of the site started in the early 1970s and was finished in 1980. It employs approximately 7000 permanent employees. The facility contributes 13% to the economy of the geographic region. 3. 2. Available operation and social footprint information A Strategic Environmental Assessment of the area South African Census Information and South Afr icas wages Fund Statistics. References of these sources are withheld to protect the companys identity. Table 9 summarises the available plant information and social footprint information that were obtained. 3. 2. 3 SIIs for the operation The following sources of information were used to calculate SIIs The companys Sustainable Development Report Table 10 shows the calculated SIIs using Eq. 1. Table 10 shows that the operation of the plant has in total a negative social impact. The positive contribution to GDPTable 8 figure Social Impact Indicators for the proposed open cast mine from the available case study information Area of Protection Internal Human Resources External Population Intervent. Employment beingness Permanent Positions b Noise & Dust 1 Generated 2 Nature of Sales Midpoint Category Permanent Positions Local Employment Comfort Level Intervent. grade 300 in total 2195200 hrs a Normalisation honour (Ts1) 06 2. 183 x 10 1. 11 x 10 09 Significance Value (Cs/Ts) 0. 674 0. 674 1 1 1 Midpoint Indicator Value 4. 41 x 10 04 SII Value 4. 4 x10 04 1. 65 x 10 03 7. 5 x10 02 01 External Value of 2. 0 x 10 Macro Social Purchases Performance No information available Stakeholder Participation 01 Final Social Impact Value 1. 5 x10 a Total of 1140 permanent positions at 40 hours per week assumed for 49 weeks (three weeks vacation, etc. ). b A target (and current) state is taken as the weighted average for the region, i. e. 916 mg/day/m2. 1 Since no characterisation factors for noise to dust or dust to noise is available, the midpoint. category was calculated as a weighted average with equal weights to each constituent. 2 The units of equivalence have been changed to contribution to GDP due to the information available. 2 dBA 2 100 mg/d/m R 52 mil. 2. 19 x 10 03 1. 09 x 10 03 3. 85 x10 02 4. 38 x 10 01 1. 09 x 10 01 2. 0 x 10 02 Int J LCA 11 (1) 2006 11 Process Industry Social SustainabilityTable 9 Available operational and social footprint information for the region of the chemical facility Interventiona Employees Plant Informationb 7,000 Social Footprint Information Target To have everyone employed excluding people who prefer to be not economically active. Govan Mbeki Municipality Employed 60,681 Unemployed 40,189 Total Labour Force 100,870. Employable Community Work hours assuming all full-time employees 40 hours 49 weeks (3 weeks leave). 13 019 (target and current state assumed equal). Not available Not available Not available 197 kilo ton 138. 8 kilo ton 394 kilo ton 90 kilo ton (Permit 101) 44,109. 2 kilo ton atmospherical Emissions ( immersion information from SEA) nighttime 1 Hour supreme NO2 concentration Average of 5 3 receptor points 539. g/m Acceptable Target (WHO guideline) 200 g/m3 (1-hour NOx average) Current State 1 Hour Maximum NO2 concentration based on maximum predicted concentration 801 g/m3 Acceptable Target (WHO guideline) 125 g/m3 Current State 24 Hour Maximum SO2 Concentration based on based on maximum 3 predi cted concentration 152 g/m Target (1200 year firm yield) 150 meg m per annum Current (predicted 1998/2000 average) 183. 6 million m3 per annum R 49,707 million Not available Not available 3 Indirect Employment groundwork 21,000 (applying the rule of 3 used in SIAs) Total Injuries Disabling Injury Rate (no/200,000 hours) Health & Safety Incidents (Spillages) Atmospheric Emissions SO2 NOx VOC H2S CO2 541 0. 59 70 Not available Not available Not available Not available Not available SO2 24 Hour Maximum SO2 Concentration based on average of 5 receptor points 127. 4 g/m3 Water Usage River Water 89,963 m 3 Financial Turnoverc Transportation Incidents Complaints a b R 7835 million 12 36 cOnly those quantifiable social interventions for which plant and social footprint information is available, are used in the SII calculation procedure. All plant information has been obtained from the Sustainable Development Report where the average of data available has been used unless other stated. The South African Rand is equal to approximately 0. 12 Euros (as at the end of October 2005). Table 10 Calculated Social Impact Indicators for the chemical facility from the available case study information Area of Protection Internal Human Resources Intervent. Midpoint Category Permanent Positions Possible Health and Safety Incidents Local Employment Comfort Level Availability of water services External Value of Purchases Intervent.Value 7,000 541 Normalisation Value (Ts1) 9. 91 x 1006 7. 68 x 10 05 Significance Value (Cs/Ts) 0. 602 1 Midpoint Indicator Value 4. 17 x 1002 4. 16 x 10 02 SII Value Employment Creation Health & Safety Incidents 1. 9 x1004 External Population Permanent Positions Atmospheric Emissions (SO2) Water Usage 41,167,000 hrs 127. 4 g/m 89. 963 m 3 3 5. 06 x 10 0. 008 0. 007 09 0. 602 1. 216 1. 224 0. 125 1. 239 0. 734 0. 158 1. 85 Macro Social Performance Stakeholder Participation Nature of Sales R 7835 mil. 2. 01 x 10 05 1 0. 158 No information available 1. 69 x10 01 Final Social Impact Value 12 Int J LCA 11 (1) 2006 Social Sustainability nd employment cannot outweigh the negative impacts on comfort level, people (in the form of health and safety accidents), and the water usage. The biggest social impact is the impact on comfort level due to atmospheric emissions, i. e. secondary environmental impacts. 3. 3 Decommissioning of a fibre manufacturing plant Process Industry In addition, environmental RIIs were calculated using standard RII values, which were calculated for selected process parameters 27. Table 11 shows the available project and social footprint information. 3. 3. 3 Environmental and social impact indicators 3. 3. 1 Background Tables 12 and 13 show the calculated Social and Environmental Impact Indicators.The values in Tables 12 and 13 show that although a similar methodology was followed to calculate SIIs compared to RIIs, the indicator outcomes are vastly different. This highlights that the interpretation of indicators rema ins challenging. Assessing the overall sustainability performance of a project or technology by allowing trade-offs between the contributions and damages should be seriously considered before it is applied. Ultimately, the trade-offs between the different dimensions would be the responsibility of the specific decision-makers, and therefore reflect the preferences of the decision-makers. 3. 4 Conclusions from the case studies In the early 1990s a second-hand acrylic fibre plant from a manufacturing facility in France was take down and relocated in the KwaZulu Province of South Africa.However, the decreasing acrylic fibre market in South Africa, combined with a lack of import protection, led to the decision to decommission the plant in March 2002. The plant manufactured its last products in May 2002, which were sold in August 2002. The plant was dismantled and the site rehabilitated by March 2003. 3. 3. 2 Available project and social footprint information exploitation the companys sustainable development report, the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the region, as well as the sustainable development indicator data of the municipal area in which the plant operated, the SII calculation procedure was applied to calculate the social impacts. As stated before it is not easy to generalise from case study research.However, the case studies showed that it is not possible to calculate all social midpoint category indicators, Table 11 Available project and social footprint information for the region of the fibres plant Interventiona Nature of Jobs Project Information 250 employment opportunities lost (5% relocated = 12 ) Social Footprint Information eThekwini unemployment 591,024 eThekwini employment 782,933 Target To have everyone employed excluding people who prefer to be not economically active. Employable Community Work hours assuming all full-time employees 40 hours 49 weeks (3 weeks leave). Indirect Employment Destruction 750 (applying the rule of 3 used in SIAs) Work-hours lost due to injuries Disabling Injuries 475. 25 hours 6. Although social footprint information is available the definition of incapacitate injuries is not given and therefore information is not comparable. Not available Not available eThekwini Emissions 0. 488 kilo ton per annum 0. 111 kilo ton per annum 0. 005 kilo ton per annum 1,429,200 kilo litre per annum 54. 50 kilo ton per annum 54. 50 kilo ton per annum No information available eThekwini with water loss 168,090 ML without water loss 280,149 ML eThekwini 9098 GWh per annum Not available Durban South Basin 45,000 ton per annum Not available GDP of Kwa Zulu Natal R 113,047 million Disabling Injury Rate (no per 200 000 hours) Health & Safety Incidents (Spillages) Atmospheric Emissions SO2 NOx VOC Water Usage 2. 375 0. 75 per annumEnergy Usage Solid Waste General/Domestic Non-Hazardous industrial Nature of Sales c 48. 384 GWh per annum 5. 25 x 10 m per annum 2. 575 x 10 m per annum b 1,545 tons per an num 2. 675 x 10 m per annum Annual turnover of R 500 million 0. 5 per annum 3 3 3 3 3 3 Stakeholder Complaints a b c Only those quantifiable social interventions for which plant and social footprint information is available, are used in the SII calculation procedure. The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestrys minimum requirements for waste density was used for the conversion. The South African Rand is equal to approximately 0. 12 Euros (as at the end of October 2005). Int J LCA 11 (1) 2006 13 Process Industry Social SustainabilityTable 12 Calculated Social Impact Indicators for the decommissioning of the fibres plant from the available case study information Area of Protection Internal Human Resources Intervent. Employment Creation Permanent Positions Energy Usage External Population Water Usage Waste a Generated Atmospheric Emissions (SO2 & NOx)b Macro Social Performance Stakeholder Participation Final Social Impact Value a b c Midpoint Category Permanent Positions Local Employment Availability of energy services Availability of water services Availability of waste services Comfort Level External Value of Purchases Intervent. Value 262 1,983,520 hrs 48. 384 GWh 1,429,200 kl 1 545 t 0. 65 kt SO2 eq. R 500 mil. Normalisation Value (Ts1) 7. 28 x 1007 3. 71 x 10 10 Significance Value (Cs/Ts) 0. 570 0. 570 1 1 1 Midpoint Indicator Value 1. 09 x 1004 4. 20 x 10 04 SII Value 1. 1 x1004 1. 1 x 1004 3. 57 x 10 09 5. 32 x 1003 5. 10 x 10 03 5. 47 x1004 2. 22 x 1005 2. 84 x 1002 7. 98 x 1006 3. 43 x 1002 1. 04 x 1002 3. 99 x 1003 4. 0 x1003 a Nature of Salesc 1 No information available 5. 06 x10 02 Based on information available the units of equivalence have been changed to domestic waste generated in tons. Comfort level is measured quantitatively in kilo tons SO2 per annum using CML characterisation factors.The units of equivalence have been changed to contribution to GDP due to the information available. The South African Rand is equal to approximatel y 0. 12 Euros (as at the end of October 2005). Table 13 Calculated environmental Resource Impact Indicators for the decommissioning of the fibres plant from the available case study information Process Parameter (annual quantities) Waste Electricity used Coal Used Steam used Water used 1,545,000 kg 174,182,400 MJ 46,368,000 kg 354,960,000 kg 1,429,200,000 kg Resource Impact Indicator Water 7. 29 x 1002 7. 88 x 10 0 2. 60 x 10 7. 00 x 10 8. 84 x 10 4 4 5 Air 2. 33 x 1006 1. 79 x 10 0 2. 51 x 10 0 1. 81 x10 +04 2 4 Land 4. 2 x 1002 1. 68 x 10 0 4. 41 0 1. 72 x 10 +02 2 Mined 0 8. 81 x 10 1 1. 67 x 102 1. 52 x 10 0 4. 07 x 10 +02 2 +05 either because of a lack of project information, or because of a lack of social footprint information. In addition, the units of equivalence cannot be stock-still since they depend on the available information. This complicates indicator comparisons between various projects. The limitation of available social footprint information results in the fact th at only some midpoint category indicators are possible, i. e. permanent positions, water usage, energy usage, nature of sales, and comfort level, which leads to an impaired social picture.In addition, the midpoint category indicators for water usage, energy usage and comfort level are much higher than permanent positions, thus resulting in a net negative social impact for any proposed development, which may not be a representation of the honest social influence of the project or technology. 4 Conclusions and Recommendations sions of sustainable development 29. The research therefore concludes that a quantitative social impact assessment method cannot be applied for project and technology life cycle management purposes in industry at present. It is emphasised that these conclusions were reached from a process LCA perspective, which is industry sector-wide.Research with a product LCA focus may lead to different outcomes. Although a comprehensive top-down approach was followed, a bott om-up approach may be more appropriate for product LCAs 30, as the selection of equal criteria would be constrained to the specific scope of a LCA study. 4. 1 Further steps to quantify social impact indicators A case study independent analysis of available social footprint information in South Africa confirmed the main finding of this paper that social footprint information is not available for all midpoint categories 28. It is regarded as an international problem that current available statistics are unequal to(p) of providing an integrated view of various dimen-It is proposed that social sustainability should be incorporated into project and technology life cycle management by means of guidelines and checklists. Similar to the environmental dimension, it is envisaged that such checklists and guidelines would improve the availability of quantitative data in time, and would therefore make the SII procedure more practical in the future. Although such guidelines and checklists have been developed from a theoretical perspective 28, practical guidelines and checklists from a project or technology life cycle management perspective are yet to be dem- 14 Int J LCA 11 (1) 2006 Social Sustainability onstrated. Further cases are subsequently required for demonstration and analysis purposes.While the guidelines and checklists may lead to a paradigm shift in industry towards obtaining and evaluating social impact-related information, it is also suggested that a lesscomprehensive list of social criteria is used as a starting point to develop social LCA-specific methodologies, possibly using those midpoint category indicators that were quantifiable in the case studies of this research, i. e. permanent positions, water usage, energy usage, nature of sales, and comfort level, or other midpoint categories that are currently proposed 30. However, social issues are highly influenced by cultural perceptions, and it would be best to undertake such a task at national level.Nation al indicator sets can then be compared and combined on an international level. 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